Saperstein Family

The Saperstein Family

Stan Saperstein

The Saperstein family is one of the original South Trenton families.

Meyer Saperstein and his wife Anna arrived in Trenton sometime around 1900. Meyer started with a cart and horse to collect metal scraps. Eventually, he opened a scrap yard on New Street, right next to Union Street’s Anschei Emes, in the heart of South Trenton,  after 1900.

By 1915 extracted parts and metals from wrecked cars. Eventually, he opened Trenton Auto Parts. Meyer sold used auto parts along with scrap metal. The business eventually went to my father Samuel and my Uncle Jacob (Jack). Jack, born in 1904 was one of eight children. Sam was the youngest.

The brothers were Albert the oldest and owner of a pool hall; Simon who started his own scrap metal business; Joseph (Jumbo) was a bootlegger in the 1920s era and then a bookie. He had a luncheonette on Market Street. Edward married into a Maine lumber family and built up a very successful building supply business in Waterville Maine. Solomon (Spotty) and his wife Estelle owned Kalen’s fine Arts, a Trenton land mark Framing and Art studio. Esther was the Sister.

Trenton Auto Parts passed to my father and Jack after Meyer died in 1950. Both of them entered the business at a young age about 16 years old.

 The business did well in the 1920s. Both My father Sam and Jack learned how to rebuild parts. Jack specialized in transmissions and rears. He could fix any kind. Sam rebuilt carburetors generators alternators and other small parts. During the thirties they almost starved in the great Depression. My father used to tell stories of how they ate spaghetti every day and were lucky to get it. WWII led to boom years with scrap metal bringing big prices and with no cars being manufactured, the parts business boomed. From that time on the business did well.

My father opened Five Points Auto Parts on Warren St. but it was destroyed in a fire in 1957. In the sixties, the Trenton’s Urban Renewal Project of Trenton took the original location on New Street.

 I spent the summer of 1966 helping move the business to Southard Street where it remained until it closed with Jack’s death at age 86 in 1990. My father had been disabled by a stroke a few years before. He died at the age of 79. The business at that time was the oldest auto parts store in Trenton.

When I was old enough, I played in the Scrap Yard; got filthy; was was seventh heaven.  My cousin Jean Finkle, Jack’s Daughter, said she did the same thing. She is about 15 years older than me. Jack had four daughters.

Jack and my father were business opposites Jack was a no nonsense business man and my father would give the store away. Between the two they tempered each other. Jack was very generous to the family. He would do anything for his daughters and treated my brother and I like sons. He took me fishing many times. When my brother Bob showed an interest in pool, Jack took him under his wing. Jack played pool on a pro level learning in his Uncle Al’s pool hall. Jack was also an antique glass collector. My father was a table tennis champion and taught my brother who to this day is a nationally ranked player. He also coached all our sports teams at the JCC and was voted Man of the Year.

My Uncle Spotty took over Kalen’s Fine Arts with his wife Estela when her parents passed on. The store was on South Broad Street. They sold high end art and did much of Trenton’s framing. They expanded the store to Princeton at Palmer Square and to Morrisville. As Trenton deteriorated they closed the Trenton store. They closed the Princeton location as they got older and ended up with the Morrisville store just before they retired. My bother learned framing from Spotty and I learned to restore Gesso frames.

Kraut, Saaz, Milner, Urken, Rosenthal, Finkle Families

From L. Marc Zell (of Tekoa). a distant cousin.

The entire document is 26 pages long. Shortened, you will find family names” Kraut, Saaz, Milner, Urken, Rosenthal, Finkle, etc.   Richard notes that there is a mistake in the listings.   Richard's father died in 1987, not 1987.

Descendent list of Eli (ahu) Scholnick (Senzhal/Senfal)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Unknown Robbins (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Rebecca (Reba) Rosenthal (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Nathan ("Naftali") Rosenthal (1882-1952) .  . . . . . . . . . . . +Ida Milner (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Maurice Milton "Sharkey" Rosenthal (1920-1 March 2006) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Beverly Unknown (1927-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Jane Rosenthal (26 October 1950-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Marc Schorr (20 December 1948-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Seth Schorr (3 January 1977-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Courtney Schorr (28 February 1979-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Andrew Rosenthal (4 November 1954-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Robert Rosenthal (11 April 1965-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Dorothy Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Harvey Saaz (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Ned Saaz (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Bernice ??? Saaz (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Norman Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Bernice Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Neil Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Jane Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Pressman (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Beth Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Wallace (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Rose Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Zilpe ("Chippy") Rosenthal (1882-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . +Abraham Rosenthal (1882-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Benjamin Rosenthal (1902-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Ida Kobrin (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Chester Sheldon Rosenthal (maybe 1940-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Paula Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Todd Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Unknown Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Denis Harvey Rosenthal (1944-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Jackie Susser (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Rita Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Hyman (Chaim?) Rosenthal (1904-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Ronald Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Unknown Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Jean Rosenthal (1907-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Samuel Siris (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Sandra Siris (1932-maybe 2010)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Ronald Ryzoff (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Phyllis Ryzoff (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Bonnie Ryzoff (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Randi Ryzoff (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Stacey Ryzoff (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Ida Rosenthal (1909-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Samuel Rifkin (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Barry Rifkin (1934-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Harriet Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Linda Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Avery Rifkin (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Scott Rifkin (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Alan Rifkin (maybe 1942-2008)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Howard Rifkin (1947-maybe 1995)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Fannie Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Jackie Rifkin (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Unknown Rifkin (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Maurice Austin ["Chippy"] (Moshe) Ross (1911-1977) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Thelma Budon (1919-2005) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-A. Richard Ross (1950-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Carella Byrne (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Mark A. Ross (1954-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Nancy McDonald (-) . . . . . . . . +Anna (Hanna) Rosenthal (-1927) .  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Lewis (Gottlieb) (Gutshke) (Shkolnik) Rosenthal (1888-January 1922) .  . . . . . . . . . . . +Elizabeth ("Bessie") Lasofsky Lasofsky (1893-1956) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Robert (Bob) Ross (1921-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Miriam Epstein (15 October 1926-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Rene Ross (1948-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Sam Starker (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Lois Ross (1953-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Karl Krause (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Kayla Krause (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Ellen Ross (30 March 1959-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Jaime Ross (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Diane Ross (1961-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Bernie Kullen (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Andrew Arthur Ross (1964-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Jayme Ross (1965-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Morris (Moshe)("Big Maish") Rosenthal (-1997)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Susan Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Mandel (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Glen Mandel (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Simi Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Jenny Rosenthal (1895-January 1942)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . +Charles Nabutovsky (1895-1948)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Beatrice Nabutovsky (1 January 1914-4 September 1985)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Dr. Louis Schwartz (5 August 1910-17 July 2001)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Letha Sharon Schwartz (27 April 1942-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Dr. Raphael Krevsky Levine (10 May 1940-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Rabbi Dr. Zalman Levine (31 July 1966-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Gila Beth Goldberg (15 March 1968-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Zeeva Yehudit Levine (21 December 1990-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Doron Nachum Levine (12 December 1993-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Moreet Ayala Levine (30 November 1996-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Dafna Tamar Levine (28 November 1999-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Shoshana Levine (8 May 1969-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Isaac Schechter (5 January 1973-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Jonathan Zvi Schechter (5 January 1997-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Ayelet Tzippora Schechter (20 September 1998-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-Nachum Yedidya Schechter (18 February 2001-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Chava Tzemach Levine (10 February 1973-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Stephen Knapp (February 1974-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Joshua Chaim Jacob Levine (11 May 1981-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Batya Bayla Levine (18 February 1986-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Dr. Neil Schwartz (2 May 1945-1 March 1995)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Merwin (Maish (Moshe)) Nabit (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Dorothy Nabutovsky (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Charles Nabit (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Audrey Nabutovsky (11 November 1926-6 July 2000)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Max Sher (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Karen Sher (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Tiffany Sher (November 1980-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Jeffrey Sher (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Bruce Sher (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Allen Nabutovsky (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Chava (Eva) Rosenthal (1895-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . +Sam Meltzer (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Geraldine ("Goody") Meltzer (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Carl Baker (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Moshe ("Little Maish") Meltzer (-) .  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Yankel Rosenthal (1900-1944) .  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Tilly (Tauba) Rosenthal (15 November 1901-16 February 1976) .  . . . . . . . . . . . +Morris Finkle (15 March 1897-22 July 1951)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Phyllis Finkle (29 March 1921-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Morris Eugene "Woody" Scharf (4 March 1919-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Steven Mark Scharf (1 August 1946-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Barbara Jean Bernhardt (9 March 1950-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Ilan David Scharf (2 January 1976-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Matthew Tal Scharf (23 February 1978-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Aliza Ada Scharf (20 January 1982-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Mira Aviv Scharf (27 April 1984-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Jeffrey Alan Scharf (27 April 1949-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Bonnie Schaffer (23 February 1951-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Bonnie Schaffer (23 February 1951-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Michael Scharf (24 June 1980-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Elliott Scharf (2 November 1985-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Lorraine Finkle (20 October 1923-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Harold Orland (31 March 1920-30 November 2001)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Joel Orland (5 May 1950-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Marilyn Holobar (7 August 1951-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Michael David Orland (13 September 1982-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Brian Orland (24 March 1985-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Maas Orland (17 June 1990-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Margot Orland (7 August 1951-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Chaika (Ida)("Buddy") Rosenthal (1907-1969)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . +Matthew Urken (12 May 1896-1962)

. . . . . . . . 3-Lipman Szkolnik (Rosenthal) (1855-6 April 1933)

. . . . . . . . +Unknown SZKOLNIK (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Samuel Rosenthal (Szkolnik) (1882-9 November 1949)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . +Zelda (Jennie) Dvilanski (1877-28 June 1953)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Annie Rosenthal (1905-maybe 1975)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Eva Rosenthal (1907-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Saul Weiner (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Nathan Ross (Rosenthal) (6 August 1908-13 November 1990)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Kathryn Good (25 July 1906-3 February 2001)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Larry Ross (11 August 1935-1993)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Lenore Ross (Rosenthal) (12 August 1937-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Unknown Mastracci (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Mastracci (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Mastracci (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Mastracci (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Lynne Ross (6 June 1940-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Morris Rosenthal (1912-1998)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Doris Aronman (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Samuel Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Lillian ("Lee") Rosenthal (1 January 1916-18 May 1989)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Hyman Walper (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Linda Walper (-1995)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Larry (Lawrence) Simon (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-Joseph Simon (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-Edward Walper (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-Meyer Rosenthal (-1968)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . +Eva Rosenthal (-1985)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Philip Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Herbert Rosenthal (-)

.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Unknown Rosenthal (-)

Perlman Family

Perlman Family

My grandparents, Cellia, nee Phillips, and Samuel Perlman, had 5 children, Sol, George, Rose, Dorothy and Lou. Grandfather, died at the age of 47 in 1921, was a builder and investor. Grandmother passed away in 1971, age 96, homemaker.

Sol, oldest child, born about 1895, went to Princeton U, class of 1916, Harvard Law, and became a lawyer, practiced in Trenton with his wife, Rose Lerner Perlman who was the 1st female to graduate from U of Penn Law School.

Joan went to a NJ Teachers College and becazme a teacher. She died in1995.

George had multiple business careers, sold meat, owned a swim club, Eventually, he became a realtor/insurance agent. I worked for him from 1959-1968, bought his insurance business and established my own. He passed away in 1988 and left the bulk of his estate to Greenwood House.

Rose, born 1898, married Harold Anshen, owned a wholesale business that sold paper products, etc. Rose passed away in 2000 at the age of 101.

Dorothy, graduated from U Penn, married Monte Rosenthal. Dorothy worked for her brother, George, in the real estate and insurance agency.

Lou, my father, married Verona Cohen. They had 2 children, Samuela and me. Lou owned a tavern on North Willow St. in Trenton. They had two children, Samuela and Richard. Sam went to U Penn, taught, married and has four children. None live in our area. Richard graduated from Bucknell College and became a prominent insurance agent.,.

Galitzianers

Jewish survivors of  the 1648 Chmelnitsky Massacres  settled  in  Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria following its annexation by Empress Maria Theresa in 1772.

1640 Lesser Poland

Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, Paul R. Magocsi. The Carpathian Diaspora: The Jews of Subcarpathian Rus' and Mukachevo, 1848–1948. East European Monographs (2007). p. 5-6.

During the period of Polish rule until 1772 Galicia was known as Little Poland which within the Jewish organizational framework of the *Council of the Lands formed one of the four "lands" (provinces). [Simha Katz]

1882

Galicia eventually incorporated within the kingdom of Poland. In 1772,1793 and 1795, Germany, Austria and Russia partitioned Poland.

The Hapsburgs reigned Germany. Hapsburg rule extended to the north and northwest of the region. From 1803 Galicia formed a separate administrative unit (province).

At the time of the region's annexation to Austria in 1772, its Jewish population numbered 224,980 (9.6% of the total). Jews populated 187 cities, 93 small towns, and 5,467 villages.

At the annexation, the non-Jewish population of western Galicia was almost entirely Polish in 1776 (Jews constituted 3.1% of the population). Eastern Galicia was mostly Ukrainian (Jews, 8.7%). Six towns:  Brody , Belz , Rogatin , Peremyshlyany , Delyatin, and Sokal ) were almost entirely Jewish; Jews represented a a majoroity  in seven cities (including Lvov )

Initially, the Jews of Galicia continued in the framework of the socioeconomic structure of old Poland-Lithuania

The majority of Jews were retailers or craftsmen in household goods (textiles, sackcloth, and sail cloth) and the garment industry (as tailors, furriers, and hatters). Jews handled most of the import trade, Brody being a significant junctions.

Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II (1785–89) ensured protection for the Jewish community and also provided increased economic and social opportunities.

The *Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) entered Galicia in the early 1800s.  beginnings, Brody, its center produced Mendel Levin(Lefin), and J.L. Ben Ze'ev were its pioneers.

Jewish life proceeded as before with traditional Torah education in Galicia in the 19th century

Social life, however, became a continuous strife between mitnaggedim (Orthodox, non-Hasidic) and the Ḥasidim (and later between the Ḥasidim and the Haskalah).

Ḥasidism spread steadily in Galicia during the 19th century. Hasidism, among other things, charged Judaism with joy and emotion, dancing and singing.  Important Hasidic sects were Belz dynasty, 1816; Zanz dynasty, 1830; and the dynasties of the sons of Israel Ruzhin Sadgora (1855) and in Chortkov (1860).

The Orthodox opposed the Hasidim. It also opposed the Haskalah. However, the Haskalah movement fought back, making alliances with the state to hold the upper hand.

.

The Haskalah was influential in the large cities, e.g., Brody, Lvov, Ternopol, and Zholkva ,

1900

The Galician Haskalah movement initially sought assimilation into German culture. In 1860s and the 1870s, however, it preferred assimilation into Polish culture.

The 1848 revolutionary parliament, which included three Galician Jews, rescinded the special taxes on the Jews and granted Jews equality of rights. At the end of 1851, however, the government revoked the constitution and restricted the civil rights of the Jews. In 1859–60, the government restored these restrictions on Jews were lifted.

In the 1860s, Jewish economic life improved. Some few Jews entered banking, large-scale export and import, manufacturing and the oil trade. From 1867, the number of Jewish estate owners grew markedly. Jews entered the civil service and the judiciary (in 1897 Jews constituted 58% of the civil servants and judges). However, the preponderance of Jews, felt only a slight economic improvement.

There were also attempt to bring Jews into agricultural life, with a modicum of success.

Assimilationists split between those tending to Polish assimilation (the Fraternal Society of Poles of Mosaic Faith and those tending to German assimilation (Shomer Israel (Guardians of Israel).

A number of monthly and weekly Hebrew periodicals circulated in 19th-century Galicia.

Between 1860 and 1880 anti-assimilationist movement appeared. Peretz  Smolenskin’s  Zionism emerged. In 1875, Glaicians estaBLISHED the first organized settlement of Palestine. In the 1880s, Ḥovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) emerged.

The movement sought the gap produced by the growing antisemitism among the Poles.  In 1893, Catholic Church declared an economic boycott on Jewish sales and goods. From 1900, both Poles and Ukrainians excluded the Jews from merchandising of agricultural produce. In 1910, the government forbade Jews monopoly of selling alcoholic beverages resulting in 15,000 Jewish families losing their livelihood.

The boycott and economic pressure impoverished the masses of Jews in Galicia. In 1908 there were 689 cooperative lending funds, most established with the help of Jews abroad. Between 1881 and 1910, a total of 236,000 Jews emigrated from Galicia. This economic, social and political unrest affected the Zionist movement in local politics.  In the general elections of 1907, three movment enjoyed represetnedyion that was quickly dissip[ated by rival Jewsih and non-Jewish group[.

Indeed, the government canceled the licenses of 8,000 Jewish merchants of alcoholic beverages. Accordingly, 40,000 people suffered formn their lost of liveliohood.

In the latter part of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Jewish labor movement organized. Initally associated with the Polish Socialist Labor movement, it later broke off to form the Labor Zionist movement. Its firfst convention occurred in 1903, the second in 1904 created the Po'alei Zion (Socialist Workers Party).

Out of total number of 1700 of physicians in Galicia, 1150 were the Jews. 41 % of workers of culture, theaters and cinema, over 65 % of barbers, 43 % of dentists, 45 % of senior nurses in Galicia were the Jews. 2?200 Jews were the lawyers. For comparison, there were only 450 Ukrainian lawyers. Galician Jewry produced four Nobel prize winners: Izek Rabi (physics), Roald Hoffman (chemistry), Baschewitz - Singer (literature) and Shmuel Agnon (literature).

Both Ukrainians and Jews were not allowed by Polish government to work at the state enterprises, institutions, railway, post, telegraph etc.

Jewish Population in Galicia, 1857–1910

The Economic Structure of Galician Jewry, 1910

William O. McCagg, Jr. A History of HabsburgJews, 1670-1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. xi, 289 pp.

In the popular perception, Galitzianers were considered to be more emotional and prayerful than their rivals, the Litvaks, who thought of them as irrational and uneducated. They, in turn, held the Litvaks in disdain.^[6] This coincides with the fact that Hasidism was most influential in Ukraine and southern Poland but was fiercely resisted in Lithuania (and even the form of Hasidism that took root there, namely Chabad, was more intellectually inclined than the other Hasidic groups).

The two groups diverged in their Yiddish accents and even in their cuisine, separated by the "Gefilte Fish Line." Galitzianers like things sweet, even to the extent of putting sugar in their fish.

Bill Gladstone (10 September 1999). "This is no fish tale: Gefilte tastes tell story of ancestry". jweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2004-03-08. Retrieved 22 December 

The dialectal differences that arose as a result of the speakers’ ancestral origins from different regions of Europe are not the only differences that arose from geographical regions. There are also cultural differences, including religious practices, traditions, manner of dress, cooking, music, etc.

A method of detecting galitzianers from Litvak s their language and their food.